Important Questions and Answers – Research Biostatistics (Based on J.V. Dixit Notes)

Important Questions and Answers – Research Biostatistics (Based on J.V. Dixit Notes)

Unit 1: Introduction to Biostatistics

Q1. Define biostatistics. Explain its applications in health research. A: Biostatistics is the application of statistical methods to biological and health sciences. It helps in the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of health data. Applications include evaluating treatment effectiveness, analyzing disease patterns, planning health programs, and supporting public health decisions.

Q2. Differentiate between descriptive and inferential statistics. A:

  • Descriptive statistics summarize and describe features of a dataset (e.g., mean, median).
  • Inferential statistics make predictions or inferences about a population based on a sample (e.g., hypothesis testing).

Unit 2: Data Collection and Presentation

Q3. Explain methods of data collection in health research. A: Methods include:

  • Surveys and questionnaires
  • Interviews
  • Observations
  • Experiments
  • Records and document review

Q4. Describe various ways of presenting data. A:

  • Tabulation
  • Charts (bar chart, pie chart)
  • Graphs (line graph, histogram, frequency polygon)

Unit 3: Measures of Central Tendency

Q5. Define mean, median, and mode. A:

  • Mean: Average of data.
  • Median: Middle value when data is arranged in order.
  • Mode: Most frequent value.

Q6. When is median preferred over mean? A: Median is preferred when data is skewed or contains outliers.

Unit 4: Measures of Dispersion

Q7. Define range, variance, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation. A:

  • Range: Difference between highest and lowest values.
  • Variance: Average squared deviation from the mean.
  • Standard Deviation: Square root of variance.
  • Coefficient of Variation: SD expressed as a percentage of the mean.

Unit 5: Sampling Methods

Q8. What is sampling? Explain types of sampling methods. A: Sampling is selecting a subset from a population. Types:

  • Probability sampling (simple random, stratified, systematic, cluster)
  • Non-probability sampling (convenience, judgmental, snowball)

Q9. What is sample size estimation? A: It is the process of determining the number of observations or replicates needed to achieve a specific objective.

Unit 6: Probability and Normal Distribution

Q10. What are the basic laws of probability? A:

  1. Addition law
  2. Multiplication law
  3. Complementary rule

Q11. What is a Z-score? A: A Z-score indicates how many standard deviations a value is from the mean.

Unit 7: Hypothesis Testing and Tests of Significance

Q12. Define null and alternative hypothesis. A:

  • Null (H0): No difference or effect
  • Alternative (H1): There is a difference or effect

Q13. What are Type I and Type II errors? A:

  • Type I error: Rejecting H0 when it is true
  • Type II error: Accepting H0 when it is false

Q14. Explain t-test, chi-square test, and ANOVA. A:

  • T-test: Compares means of two groups
  • Chi-square: Tests association between categorical variables
  • ANOVA: Compares means among three or more groups

Unit 8: Correlation and Regression

Q15. Define correlation. A: Correlation measures the relationship between two variables (range -1 to +1).

Q16. What is linear regression? A: A statistical method to model the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables.

Unit 9: Research Methodology

Q17. What are the steps in the research process? A:

  1. Identify the problem
  2. Review literature
  3. Formulate hypothesis
  4. Design study
  5. Collect data
  6. Analyze data
  7. Interpret and report findings

Q18. Define research hypothesis. A: A statement predicting the outcome of the study based on theory or prior evidence.

Unit 10: Vital and Health Statistics

Q19. Define crude birth rate and infant mortality rate. A:

  • Crude birth rate = (Total live births / Mid-year population) x 1000
  • IMR = (Infant deaths <1 year / Live births) x 1000

Q20. What is the demographic cycle? A: It describes the transition of population growth through 5 stages: High stationary, early expanding, late expanding, low stationary, and declining.


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